means “type of action” and refers to the ways that actions can unfold—the kinds of action. Some actions are punctiliar, some iterative, some ingressive, and so forth. A punctiliar action is something that happens in an instant, like a punch or a kick. An iterative action is something that is repeated over and over, like breathing. An ingressive action is one that is just beginning to unfold, like waking up. There was once much confusion between Aktionsart and aspect, and sometimes those terms could